溶解性有机质对罗红霉素光降解的影响研究

近年来,罗红霉素(ROX)因其用量大、检出频率高和生态风险大引起了广泛关注.本文主要研究了环境pH条件下不同的溶解性有机质(DOM),包括富里酸(PLFA)、腐殖酸(SRHA)和天然有机质(SRNOM)对罗红霉素光降解的影响及主要活性物种对其光降解的贡献.结果表明:纯水中罗红霉素可发生自敏化光降解,在pH 6～8条件下,罗红霉素光降解的一级反应速率常数为0.0033～0.0049 h~(-1).DOM促进了罗红霉素光降解,其促进效果从大到小为PLFASRNOMSRHA.DOM共存时罗红霉素光降解的反应速率常数随pH增加而增加,在pH 6时为0.0145～0.0266 h~(-1),在pH 8时为0.0273～0.0577 h~(-1).通过异丙醇淬灭实验发现,羟基自由基(·OH)对罗红霉素光降解起主要贡献,其贡献率在pH 6时为83.45%～98.70%,在pH 8时降低至76.76%～78.02%;3种DOM体系中产生的单态氧(~1O_2)的稳态浓度在(5.15～7.86)×10~(-14) mol·L~(-1)范围内;在pH 6、7和8的条件下,~1O_2与罗红霉素的二级反应速率常数分别为2.27×10~5、1.96×10~6和1.51×10~7 L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).~1O_2对罗红霉素的光降解的贡献随pH升高而升高,在pH 6时为0.21%～0.43%,在pH 8时为4.85%～11.33%.     

紫外辐射H2O2与PMS氧化准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水

采用紫外（UV）活化双氧水（H₂O₂）和过一硫酸盐（PMS）产生活性氧物种降解准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机污染物.结果表明,紫外辐射双氧水（UV-H₂O₂）和紫外辐射过一硫酸盐（UV-PMS）体系对有机污染物的降解相比于单独体系效果显著.初始pH值和氧化剂投加量能够显著影响2种体系的降解效能,增加氧化剂投加量能够一定程度提高2种体系对渗滤液尾水中有机物的去除;2种体系均在酸性条件下效果较好,初始pH值的升高对2种体系过程有机物降解有抑制作用并且对UV-H₂O₂体系的抑制尤为显著.在最优条件下（初始pH值为3,氧化剂投量为0.084mol/L）,UV-H₂O₂与UV-PMS体系处理后出水COD去除率分别达到了72.09%和56.22%.另外,UV-H₂O₂体系中主要活性氧物种是羟基自由基,而UV-PMS体系中主要是由羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基的共同作用.紫外-可见光谱与三维荧光光谱表明两体系中均能降解渗滤液尾水中难降解芳香类有机物质,并且UV-PMS较UV-H₂O₂体系对腐殖质的反应速率更快,但是两种体系对渗滤液尾水中腐殖质的降解途径存在显著差异.研究结果可为光化学氧化处理垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物提供参考.     

生物炭中持久性自由基对秀丽隐杆线虫的毒性

为了评价生物炭的使用对生态系统,尤其是对土壤无脊椎动物的毒性影响,使用模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans,C.elegans）来评估生物炭的环境风险.观察了生物炭原样、生物炭颗粒物和生物炭浸提液对线虫神经行为学评价指标（身体摆动频率、相对运动长度、排泄间隔时间、碰触反应率和化学感知行为指数）的影响;并结合生物炭的理化性质、非金属元素组成和重金属元素含量以及环境持久性自由基（EPFRs）的强度,评估生物炭对线虫的生物毒性.结果显示,EPFRs信号强的生物炭和颗粒物对秀丽隐杆线虫有一定的毒物兴奋效应,EPFRs信号微弱的浸提液无显著性影响.因此,生物炭中的EPFRs对秀丽隐杆线虫有潜在的神经毒性作用.     

Fenton反应及其参与的光催化体系的机理研究进展

综述了光催化降解有机污染物和杀菌的机理,其中降解有机物机理的主要内容为空穴和羟基自由基(·OH)氧化分解有机污染物,杀菌机理与降解有机物类似,即电子和空穴或含氧自由基攻击细菌的细胞壁、细胞膜和胞内成分,使细菌失活。分别从Fe~(2+)和Cu~(2+)两种离子介导的Fenton反应总结了Fenton反应的机理,得出两种离子介导的Fenton反应具有类似机理的结论。最后阐述了目前在光催化体系中引入Fenton反应的研究现状及作用机理,发现将Fenton反应引入光催化体系是促进光催化活性的有效途径。     

First trimester maternal serum placenta growth factor (PIGF)concentrations in pregnancies with fetal trisomy 21 or trisomy 18

Placenta growth factor (PIGF), an angiogenic factor belonging to the vascular endothelial growth factor family, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and free β-human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) were measured in maternal serum from 45 pregnancies with trisomy 21, 45 with trisomy 18 and 493 normal controls at 10–13 completed weeks of gestation. In the normal pregnancies maternal serum PIGF levels increased exponentially with gestation. The median multiple of the median (MoM) PIGF concentration in the trisomy 21 group (1.26 MoM) was significantly higher (p<0.0001) than in the control group (1.00 MoM). In the trisomy 18 group the median PIGF was lower (0.889 MoM) but this did not quite reach significance (p=0.064). The corresponding median MoM values for PAPP-A were 1.00 MoM for the controls, 0.49 MoM for trisomy 21 and 0.16 MoM for trisomy 18. The median MoM values for free β-hCG were 1.00 MoM for the controls, 2.05 MoM for trisomy 21 and 0.38 MoM for trisomy 18. In the control group there was a small but significant correlation of PIGF with free β-hCG (r=+0.1024) and PAPP-A (r=+0.2288). In the trisomy 18 group there was a significant association between PIGF and free β-hCG (r=+0.2629) but not with PAPP-A (r=+0.0038). In the trisomy 21 group there was a small but significant association with PAPP-A (r=+0.1028) but not with free β-hCG (r=+0.0339). The separation of affected and unaffected pregnancies in maternal serum PIGF is small, and therefore it is unlikely that measurement of PIGF would improve screening for these abnormalities provided by the combination of fetal nuchal translucency and maternal serum PAPP-A and free β-hCG. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by ozonation of dyes and related compounds

Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by ozonation of commercially available dyes and related compounds was investigated. Ozonation was conducted using a semi-batch type reactor, and ozone concentration in gas phase and the ozone gas flow were 10 mg L(-1) and 1.0 L min(-1), respectively. NDMA was formed by 15 min of ozonation of seven out of eight selected target compounds (0.05 mM) at pH 7. All the target compounds with N,N-dimethylamino functions were NDMA precursors in ozonation. The lowest and highest NDMA concentrations after ozonation of the target compounds were 13 ng L(-1) for N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 1600 ng L(-1) for N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD), respectively. NDMA concentrations after 15 min of ozonation of 0.05 mM methylene blue (MB) and DMPD increased with an increase in pH in its range of 6-8. The effects of coexisting compounds on NDMA concentrations after 15 min of ozonation of 0.05 mM MB and DMPD were examined at pH 7. NDMA concentrations after ozonation of MB and DMPD increased by the presence of 0.05 mM (0.7 mg L(-1) as N) nitrite (NO(2)(-)); 5000 ng L(-1) for MB and 4000 ng L(-1) for DMPD. NDMA concentration after MB ozonation decreased by the presence of 5mM tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), a hydroxyl radical (HO.) scavenger, but that after DMPD ozonation was increased by the presence of TBA. NDMA concentrations after ozonation of MB and DMPD were not affected by the presence of 0.16 mM (5.3 mg L(-1)) hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). When 0.05 mM MB and DMPD were added to the Yodo and Tone river water samples, NDMA concentrations after 15 min of their ozonation at pH 7 increased compared with those in the case of addition to ultrapure water samples.     

顺序氯化对微生物、副产物和生物稳定性的综合控制

在中试规模试验中,研究了“短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺”对微生物、消毒副产物和生物稳定性指标的控制效果.该顺序氯化消毒工艺综合利用了游离氯消毒灭活微生物迅速彻底,氯胺消毒副产物生产量低的特点,通过氯化消毒技术的组合,安全经济地实现了消毒卫生学和消毒副产物指标的双重控制.该消毒工艺对细菌总数、异养菌平板计数、总大肠菌群指标的控制效果略好于传统游离氯消毒,对脊髓灰质炎病毒和大肠杆菌f2噬菌体的灭活效果与游离氯相同.相同原水条件下,顺序氯化消毒工艺比游离氯消毒工艺产生的三卤甲烷浓度减少35.8%～77.0%;卤乙酸减少36.6%～54.8%.消毒进水水质越差,顺序氯化消毒工艺在消毒副产物控制方面就越有优势.该工艺对生物稳定性指标的控制效果明显高于游离氯消毒.     

游离羟基及表面活性剂对乙草胺光解的影响

以高压汞灯为光源,以p-亚硝基-N,N-二甲基苯胺(PNDA)作为·OH自由基的探针,研究了H2O2及表面活性剂0206-B(苯乙烯苯酚聚氧乙烯醚和十二烷基苯磺酸钙混剂)对除草剂乙草胺在水中间接光解作用的影响.结果表明,H2O2对水中乙草胺具有光敏化降解作用,其敏化作用效应与·OH有关;而0206-B对乙草胺具有光猝灭降解作用,光猝灭降解作用效应与0206-B减少水溶液中的·OH自由基含量有关.乙草胺直接光解与H2O2作用的乙草胺间接光解相同的产物有Rf(比移值)为0.12、0.52、0.61、0.72的化合物;H2O2敏化降解抑制了乙草胺直接光解产物Rf为0.04、0.10、0.18、0.21、0.79的化合物产生,但促进乙草胺间接光解Rf为0.45、0.66的新光解产物生成.